What are the potential hazards of flying in mountainous terrain?

Flying in mountainous terrain presents a number of unique challenges and potential hazards primarily due to the interplay of wind patterns and topographical features. One significant hazard is turbulence and wind shear, which can occur as winds interact with the mountainous landscape. When air flows over mountains, it can accelerate, decelerate, or change direction unpredictably, leading to turbulent conditions that can affect the aircraft's stability and control.

Turbulence can be exacerbated by updrafts and downdrafts created by the terrain, and pilots may encounter sudden changes in altitude and attitude that require quick adjustments. Additionally, wind shear, especially at low altitudes, is critical to monitor since it can lead to a loss of lift and control, particularly during takeoff and landing phases. These factors highlight the importance of understanding how mountains influence weather and airflow when planning flights in such areas.

While other options present certain considerations, such as low humidity levels, clear air turbulence, or reduced visibility, they do not encapsulate the immediate and often severe risks associated with the interaction of aircraft and mountainous environments as directly as turbulence and wind shear do.